Nida Amir Afridi- History in a glance

  THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSAL REPRESENTATION VERSUS HOST-STATE SOVEREIGNTY: AN ESSAY ON THE LEGALITY OF UNITED STATES VISA EXCLUSIONS AT THE UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS A Research Essay Submitted for Academic Peer-Review and Publication Evaluation By: Nida Amir Afridi Abstract This academic paper analyzes the legal and geopolitical conflict between the United States' domestic border enforcement authority and its treaty obligations under the United Nations Headquarters Agreement regarding visa exclusions for sovereign member states. The study evaluates historical and post-2022 diplomatic exclusions, invalidates relocation proposals, and proposes institutional remedies including treaty arbitration and International Court of Justice advisory opinions. By evaluating these dimensions, the manuscript demonstrates how unilateral administrative actions challenge the foundational principle of sovereign equality within global governance. Introduction and Theoretical Framework ...

  A Note on Foreign Policy of Pakistan Since the End of the Cold War: Strategic Realignments, Structural Constraints, and Geoeconomic Transitions Abstract This study explores how Pakistan’s foreign policy shifted after the Cold War, moving from bipolarity to American unipolar dominance and now toward a multipolar order. Four turning points stand out: the sanctions and isolation of the 1990s, the post‑9/11 alliance with Washington, the consolidation of ties with China through the China‑Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and the current effort to reframe policy around geoeconomics. External shocks repeatedly forced tactical adjustments. Yet one concern remained constant: keeping pace with India’s military and diplomatic strength (Sattar, 2019). Introduction and Theoretical Framework The collapse of the Soviet Union left Pakistan suddenly exposed. For decades, Islamabad had leveraged its geography to secure Western patronage as a frontline state against communism. With that ri...

  The Silhouette of Red Lucknow: Syed Sajjad Zaheer, the Progressive Writers’ Movement, and the Structural Fractures of the Early Pakistani Left Abstract This paper looks at the intellectual path, the aesthetic choices, and the actual political work of Syed Sajjad Zaheer (1905–1973). It follows him in his two main roles: chief organiser of the Progressive Writers’ Association and founding General Secretary of the Communist Party of Pakistan. From the comfortable circles of Lucknow and the student rooms at Oxford into the underground networks of post-Partition Pakistan, Zaheer tried—sometimes successfully, often not—to join Marxist-Leninist ideas with the cultural forms of South Asia. The study covers his part in the 1932 collection *Angarey*, the 1935 London Manifesto, and the effort to make socialist realism a real force in modern Urdu writing. It also examines the limits, the misjudgements, and the geopolitical pressures that weakened the CPP after 1948, above all the 1951 Ra...

Abstract Meraj Muhammad Khan (1938–2016) occupies a singular position in the political history of Pakistan. Recognized as a foundational theoretician, charismatic mass orator, and a key intellectual architect of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), his transition from a radical student leader to a federal minister, and subsequently to a political prisoner, mirrors the turbulent trajectory of the Pakistani Left. This paper provides a comprehensive, scholarly examination of his life, ideological contributions, and political trials. Crucially, it addresses a persistent challenge in South Asian historiography: the documentation of a leader whose primary impact was made through street mobilization, public oratory, and underground organizing rather than formal academic publishing. By conducting a meticulous bibliographical audit, this study clarifies the academic footprint of Meraj Muhammad Khan. It distinguishes his actual historical legacy from contemporary digital indexing anomalies, catego...